teratogenebi

termini teratogeni niSnavs garemos nebismier agents, romelic prenatalur periodSi dazianebas iwvevs. is miRebulia berZnuli sityvidan teras da `ganviTarebis defeqts~, `simaxinje” niSnavs. mecnierebma es saxelwodeba maSin SearCis, roca pirvelad Seiswavles mavne prenataluri gavlenebi im SemTxvevebis safuZvelze, romelTa gamoc bavSvebi seriozulad dazaraldnen. teratogenebiT gamowveuli ziani yovelTvis martivi da sworxazovani ar aris. is Semdeg faqtorebzea damokidebuli:

doza: calkeuli teratogenebis ganxilviT davrwmundebiT, rom moqmedebis dozisa da xangrZlivobis Sesabamisad uaryofiTi Sedegebi matulobs.

memkvidreoba: dedisa da ganviTarebadi organizmis genetikuri struqtura did rols TamaSobs. zogierTi individi ukeT umklavdeba garemos mavne efeqts.

sxva negatiuri gavlenebi: erTdroulad ramdenime negatiuri faqtorma, rogoricaa arasrulyofili kveba, arasaTanado samedicino zrunva, plus teratogenebma, SeiZleba gaaZlieros calkeuli mavne agentis moqmedeba.

asaki: teratogenebis zemoqmedebis efeqti icvleba organizmis asakTan erTad. senzitiuri periodi drois gansazRvruli intervalia, romlis ganmavlobaSic sxeulis nawili an qceva biologiurad momzadebulia swrafi ganviTarebisaTvis. am drois ganmavlobaSi is gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea garemos mimarT. Araxelsayreli garemopirobebis SemTxvevaSi, misgan miyenebuli zianis Sedegebis aRmofxvra rTuli, zogjer ki SeuZlebelicaa.

sxeulis zogierT nawilis, mag., Tavis tvinisa da Tvalebis senzitiuri periodi xangrZlivia, xolo kidurebis an sasis ganviTarebisa _ gacilebiT xanmokle. sqema aseve gviCvenebs, rom mavne zegavlenis drois gansazRvris Taobaze ramdenime zogadi mosazrebis Camoyalibeba SegviZlia: zigotis periodSi, implantaciamde teradogenebi iSviaTad axdenen zegavlenas. xolo Tu es mainc moxda, ujredebis mcire masa, Cveulebriv, imdenad ziandeba, rom iRupeba; embrionuli periodSi seriozuli defeqtebis yvelaze meti albaToba arsebobs, radgan am dros mTels sxeuls eyreba safuZveli. nayofad yofnis periodSi teratogenuli ziani, Cveulebriv, umniSvneloa. Tumca iseTi organoebi, rogoricaa tvini, Tvalebi da genitaliebi, SeiZleba Zlier daziandes.

teratogenebis zemoqmedeba myisieri fizikuri dazianebiT ar Semoifargleba.

zogi ziani uxilavad an garkveuli drois Semdeg mJRavndeba. is SeiZleba aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSic ar gamovlindes. garda amisa, fizikuri zianis fsiqologiuri Sedegebi SeiZleba arapirdapir gamovlindes. magaliTad, defeqtma, romelic orsulobis dros dedis mier miRebuli wamlebis Sedegia, SeiZleba Secvalos bavSvis mimarT sxvebis damokidebuleba, iseve rogorc bavSvis mier garemos Secnobis unari. amas ki, SemecnebiTi, emociuri da socialuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba Sorsmimavali Sedegebi hqondes.  

1960 wlis dasawyisSi msofliom tragikuli gakveTili miiRo wamlebis da prenataluri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. im periodSi damamSvidebeli Talidomidi farTod gamoiyeneboda kanadaSi, evropasa da samxreT amerikaSi. Tu dedebi mas Casaxvidan me-4 me-6 kvirebSi iRebdnen, embrionis xelebisa da fexebis uxeS deformacias iwvevda, ufro iSviaTad yurebs, guls, Tirkmlebsa da genitaliebs azianebda. mTeli msoflios masStabiT daaxloebiT 7 aTasi Cvili dazaralda. ukve wamozrdilebs saSualoze dabali inteleqti hqondaT. SeiZleba wamalma uSualod centraluri nervuli sistema daaziana an pirobebma, romelSic es sastikad damaxinjebuli patarebi izrdebodnen, Seaferxa maTi gonebrivi ganviTareba. ganwyobilebis Semcvleli iseTi Zlieri narkotikuli

wamlebis moxmareba, rogoricaa kokaini da heroini, sul ufro farTod vrceldeba, gansakuTrebiT qalaqis siRaribiT daTrgunul ubnebSi, sadac es wamlebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis uimedobisgan droebiT TavdaRwevis saSualebaa. did qalaqebSi dabadebuli amerikeli bavSvebis 3-7% da mTeli Crdiloamerikeli axalSobilebis 1-2% kokainis prenataluri zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. maT bavSvebs, vinc kokains, heroins an metadons (naklebad Zlieri narkotikuli nivTiereba, romelsac heroinisgan gadasaCvevad iyeneben) moixmaren, mravali safrTxe emuqrebaT udReurobis, mcirewonianobis, fizikuri defeqtebis, sunTqvis sirTuleebis, dabadebamde an dabadebis Semdeg daRupvis CaTvliT  amas garda, es Cvilebi narkotikze damokidebulebi ibadebian. xSirad mousvenrebi, nerviulebi arian da Znelad iZineben. dedebs, romlebsac sakuTari problemebic Tavze sayrelad aqvT da iseT bavSvebze zrunva uxdebaT, romelTa damSvideba, gulSi Cakvra da gamokvebac Znelia, savaraudoa, rom qceviTi problemebic gauCndebaT.

pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi heroinisa da metadonis zemoqmedebis qveS myofi bavSvebi Cveulebriv bavSvebTan SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas iCenen garemos mimarT da maTi motoruli ganviTarebac Senelebulia. wamozrdis Semdeg zogis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, zogi ki nerviuli da uyuradRebo rCeba. maTze zrunvis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia avxsnaT, ratom uxangrZlivdeba zogs sirTuleebi, zogs ki ara. kokainis Seswavla adasturebs, rom prenataluri zemoqmedebis qveS myof zogierT bavSvs sirTuleebi uxangrZlivdeba. kokaini aviwrovebs sisxlZarRvebs, da maRali dozis SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebad organizmSi Jangbadis miwodebis 15 wuTiT dagvianebas iwvevs.

kokaini aseve cvlis neironebis efeqtianobasa da funqcionirebas da nayofis Tavis tvinis qimiur balanss. am zemoqmedebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios kokainTan asocirebuli mravali fizikuri defeqti: Tvalebis, Zvlis, genitaliebis, saSarde traqtis, Tirkmlebisa da gulis deformaciebi; tvinSi sisxlCaqcevebi da epilefsiuri Seteva; aseve mkveTri Seferxeba zrdaSi sxva aralegaluri wamali marixuana, kokainTan da heroinTan SedarebiT ufro farTod gamoiyeneba. mecnierebma, romlebic CvilTa mcirewonianobasTan da dRenaklulobasTan

wamlis kavSirs ikvlevdnen aracalsaxa Sedegebi miiRes. Ramdenime mkvlevari marixuanas prenatalur zemoqmedebas bavSvobaSi Tavis momcro zomas (tvinis zrdis sazomi), Zilis, yuradRebis, mexsierebis sirTuleebs, xolo mozardobaSi problemaTa gadaWris arasaxarbielo unars ukavSirebs.

Tambaqo. miuxedavad imisa, rom mowevam iklo dasavleTis qveynebSi, amerikel qalTa daaxloebiT 12% da kanadel qalTa daaxloebiT 19% orsulobis periodSi eweva. orsulobis dros mowevis yvelaze gavrcelebuli darRveva axalSobilis mcirewonianobaa. Tumca, izrdeba sxva seriozuli darRvevebis albaTobac, rogoricaa muclis moSla, naadrevi mSobiaroba, gulis ritmisa da sunTqvis darRvevebi Zilis dros, axalSobilis daRupva, aseve asTma da kibo bavSvobisas. dedis moweuli sigaretis raodenobasTan erTad, izrdeba bavSvze mavne zemoqmedebis riskic. Tu orsuli deda raRac periodSi, Tundac mesame trimestrSi, Sewyvets mowevas, is mosalodneli problemebis albaTobas Seamcirebs maSinac ki, Tu mweveli dedis Svili karg fizikuri mdgomareobiT ibadeba, bavSvis ganviTarebaSi msubuqi qceviTi anomaliebi SeiZleba SeiniSnebodes. mweveli dedebis axalSobilebi naklebad yuradRebianebi arian xmebis mimarT, metad aqvT gamoxatuli kunTebis tonusi, metad aRigznebian Sexebisas da vizualuri stimulis dros, xSirad aqvT muclis kolika, rasac (xangrZlivi tirili axasiaTebs) - niSnebi, romelic Tavis tvinis ganviTarebis farul uaryofiT efeqtebze miuTiTebs. garda amisa, naklebad kontaqturma, mousvenarma bavSvma SeiZleba mozrdilTa is keTilganwyoba ar gaaRviZos, rac saWiroa janmrTeli fizikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. zogi gamokvlevis mixedviT, prenataluri zemoqmedebis Sedegad dabadebulebs yuradRebis koncentraciis cudi unari, susti mexsiereba, inteleqtis testis dabali qulebi da meti qceviTi problemebi aqvT bavSvobasa da mozrdilobaSi. amasTanave, mowevasTan asocirebulma faqtorebmac, rogoricaa mSoblis gaunaTlebloba da mcire Semosavali, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos am arasaxarbielo Sedegebs. kerZod, rogor azianebs moweva nayofs? nikotini, Tambaqos Semadgeneli narkotikuli nivTiereba, aviwrovebs sisxlZarRvebs, amcirebs sisxlis miwodebas saSvilosnoSi. da iwvevs placentis anomaliur zrdas, rac Tavis mxriv amcirebs sakvebis miwodebas da nayofi wonaSi cudad imatebs. nikotini aseve amaRlebs mxuTavi gazis koncentracias rogorc dedis, aseve nayofis sisxlSi. laboratoriuli cxovelebis nayofebSi mxuTavi gazi gamodevnis Jangbads sisxlis wiTeli ujredebidan, azianebs centralur nervul sistemas da anelebs sxeulis zrdas. msgavsi movlenebi SeiZleba adamianebsac daemuqros. aramweveli orsuli qalebis erTi mesamedi an naxevari `pasiuri mwevelia~, radgan maTi qmrebi, naTesavebi an TanamSromlebi ewevian. pasiuri moweva aseve dakavSirebulia dabadebisas mcire wonasTan, axalSobilTa daRupvasTan da SemdgomSi yuradRebisa da swavlis savaraudo xangrZliv SeferxebasTan. cxadia, momavali dedebi unda moeridon mwevelTa garemos.

alkoholi---Tavis amaRelvebel ambavSi dartmutis universitetis anTropologiis profesorma maikl dorisma aRwera, ra sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli misi Svilobilis adamis gazrda, romlis biologiuri deda uRmerTod svamda mTeli orsulobis ganmavlobaSi da biWis dabadebidan mcire xanSi alkoholuri mowamvlisagan gardaicvala. sius (Crdiloamerikel indielTa tomi. mTargm. SeniSvna) tomis indieli adami nayofis alkoholuri sindromis (nas) mdgomareobiT daibada. Gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, motoruli koordinaciis, yuradRebis, mexsierebisa da metyvelebis Seferxeba, aseve hiperaqtiuroba - tipuria aseTi bavSvebisTvis. nas-s iseTi gamokveTili fizikuri simptomebi sdevs, rogoricaa neli fizikuri zrda da nawilobriv saxis anomaliebi: SoriSors mdebare da arasrulad gaxelili Tvalebi, patara, aprexili cxviri, Txeli zeda tuCi da patara Tavi, rac tvinis ganuviTreblobis maCvenebelia. SeiZleba aRiniSnebodes Tvalebis, yurebis, cxviris, yelis, gulis, genitaliebis, saSarde traqtis da imunuri sistemis sxva defeqtebic. nayofis alkoholuri sindromiT daavadebuli yvela bavSvis deda bevrs svamda orsulobis didi periodis an mTeli orsulobis ganmavlobaSi. msgavsi mdgomareobaa e.w. nayofis alkoholuri efeqti (nae), romelic im bavSvebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romelTa dedebic mcire doziT Rebulobdnen alkohols. am bavSvebs nas-Tan dakavSirebuli anomaliebis mcire nawili aReniSnebaT. Calkeuli defeqtebi varirebs osrulobis periodSi alkoholis zemoqmedebis droisa da xangrZlivobis.

srulyofili kvebis miuxedavad, nas mqone bavSvebi Cvilobasa da bavSvobaSi Tanatolebs zomiT mainc CamorCebian. aseve Tanmdevia gonebrivi CamorCenilobac: 10 da 20 wlis asakSi adams uWirda martiv samuSaoze koncentracia da misi Sesruleba. mas gansjis unaric cudi hqonda. magaliTad, SeiZleba rame eyida da xurdas ar dalodeboda, an bolomde ver Seesrulebina davaleba. orsulobis periodSi dedis mier alkoholis moxmarebis proporciulad izrdeba motoruli koordinaciis, informaciis gadamuSavebis siswrafis, azrovnebis darRvevebi, inteleqtis testis qulaTa maCveneblebi dabalia rogorc skolamdel, aseve skolis wlebSic. mozardobis periodSi nas asocirdeba dabal akademiur moswrebasTan, kanonis darRvevasTan, Seusabamo seqsualur qcevasTan, alkoholisa da narkotikul mnivTierebaTa moxmarebasTan, mudmiv fsiqikur darRvevebTan.

rogor axdens alkoholi aseT damangrevel zemoqmedebas?

jer erTi, is xels uSlis ujredebis dayofas da gadasvlas primitiul nervul milakSi. Fsiqofiziologiuri gamokvlevebi, rogoricaa feromagnituri rezonansi da eleqtroencefalografia, avlenen struqturul dazianebas, tvinis SezRudul zrdas da anomaliebs Tavis tvinis funqcionirebaSi eleqtruli da qimiuri aqtivobis CaTvliT, rac dakavSirebulia Tavis tvinis erTi nawilidan meoreSi `Setyobinebis~ gadacemasTan. meore, organizmi alkoholis asaTviseblad didi raodenobiT Jangbads moixmars. roca orsuli qali bevrs svams, nayofis ujredebis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro Jangbadi alkoholis gadamuSavebas xmardeba. amerikeli da kanadeli qalebis daaxloebiT 25%-ma ganacxada, rom orsulobis garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi svamda. iseve, rogorc heroinisa da kokainis SemTxvevaSi, alkoholis intensiuri moxmarebiT maRali maCvenebliT siRaribiT daTrgunuli qalebi gamoirCevian.  

zog adgilobriv amerikul da kanadur rezervaciebSi nas-s maCvenebeli sakmaod maRali _10%-ia. saubedurod, dafexmZimebis SemTxvevaSi gansjis uunaroba aseT qalebs xels uSlis gaiazron alkoholis safrTxe. amdenad, tragikuli cikli, savaraudod, Semdeg TaobebSic meordeba.

alkoholis ra raodenobaa usafrTxo orsulobis dros? mcire raodenobac ki, dReSi erTi Wiqa nas damaxasiaTebel niSnebTan asocirdeba, aseve Tavis Semcirebul zomasTan da sxeulis damuxruWebul zrdasTan bavSvobasa da Semdgom mozardobaSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT genetikur da garemo faqtorebsac, romlebmac zogierTi nayofi SeiZleba ufro mgrZnobiare gaxados teratogenebis mimarT, alkoholis mcire raodenobac ki ar aRmoCndeba usafrTxo, aqedan gamomdinare, orsulma mTlianad unda Tqvas uari sasmelze.

Aaseve teratogenebia kakao, Cai, yava, koka-kola. isini iwveven mcire wonas, bunebriv aborts, gaRizianebadobas. Oorsulma Tavi unda Seiyavos maTi didi raodenobiT miRebisgan.

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